Posted February 9, 2022 | By: Nutrien Ag Solutions

Fertilizer Enhancers: Maximizing Sustainability and Fertility, with Brian Cornelious from Agricen

It's time to start crop planning for 2022, and many growers are interested in fertilizer enhancers as a way to maximize crop yield and sustainable outcomes.

Fertilizer enhancers speed up the breakdown and availability of key nutrients, enabling growers to more strategically apply fertilizer and manage their inputs.

So in this episode, we'll discuss nutrient management with Brian Cornelious, Director of Applied Sciences at Agricen. He'll discuss eye-popping new data from a pilot plot in Kentucky, review some of the new technological innovations Agricen has brought to market, and highlight the impact of some of their key products, like Titan XE and Maritime.

Plus, Tom and Sally offer tips for growers when it comes to incorporating the 4R nutrient stewardship principles into their cropping plans for 2022:

Right Source

Right Rate

Right Time

and Right Place

Episode Transcript

Brian Cornelious:

One of the things we do at Agricen is we try to be tuned into the grower environment. If we're coming out with a solution, we'd like for it to be a solution that a grower is actually going to implement. We also want it to fit something the grower's already doing so it just basically boils down to having technologies that fit what a grower is already doing.

Dusty Weis:

Welcome to The Future. Faster, a sustainable agriculture podcast by Nutrien Ag Solutions, with our very own Tom Daniel. Director North America Retail and Grower Sustainable Ag and Dr. Sally Flis, Senior Manager North America Sustainable Ag and Carbon. This is your opportunity to learn about the next horizon in sustainable agriculture, for growers, for partners, for the planet.

Dusty Weis:

To us, it's not about changing what's always worked. It's about continuing to do the little things that make a big impact. On this week's episode, Brian Cornelious, Director of Applied Sciences at Agricen joins us to discuss how fertilizer enhancers can maximize crop yield and sustainable outcomes. Among other things we'll part some eye-popping new data from Agricen's pilot project in Kentucky. But if you haven't yet make sure you're subscribed to this podcast in your favorite app. Also make sure you follow Nutrien Ag Solutions on Facebook and Instagram. I'm Dusty Weis, and it's time once again to introduce Tom Daniel and Sally Flis. And Tom we're starting to finally, really get into the crop planning for 2022 crop season here. It's hard to believe, but in just a few weeks, crops are going to start going into the ground in the Southern US.

Tom Daniel:

Yeah. And Dusty with the weather everybody's having and the winter that we continue to have it's kind of hard to believe that we are getting ready to start planting crops in the South. And as we do that, I heard an agronomist talk the other day and he said, "We really need to be thinking about our cropping plan, especially around nutrition. What are we going to use on the farm? And how are we going to use it? What forms of fertilizer are we going to use on the farm and how are we going to deliver it?"

Tom Daniel:

And Sally, I was thinking about it. I don't always call you Dr. Sally Flis, but you are a doctor and soil scientist and you are a person that's worked heavy agronomy with the Fertilizer Institute in the past. And one of the key components is around an agriculture system called the 4Rs, right? So Sally, this is an area that you're clearly have been an advocate around the 4R's in North America. Can you give me a quick understanding what is the 4Rs?

Sally Flis:

Yeah, Tom. So first of all, there's really only one R the rest of them are just, right. So it's about getting the right source at the right rate at the right time and in the right place. It's thinking about our nutrient management from an active and adaptive aspect where we're always considering how do the different management changes that we're considering making in the field influence our selection of the right source, rate, timing and placement for nutrient applications.

Sally Flis:

I know on the podcast, we tend to focus on nitrogen a lot because we focus on that emissions reduction piece, but selecting the right source, timing and placement really applies to any nutrient that you're going to apply to that field. You've got to think about it if you need to apply sulfur, if you're looking at micronutrients, the 4Rs can impact whether or not the crop that you intend to fertilize is actually going to take up the nutrients that you're applying.

Tom Daniel:

So sadly for today's podcast, let's just talk mostly about nitrogen, right? We've had a lot of discussion over the last few weeks about the sustainable nitrogen outcome program that we're administering in the US for next year. So let's talk about nitrogen today in relation to the 4Rs. How should the 4Rs be a cornerstone in building a nitrogen plan today?

Sally Flis:

So, Tom, I'd like to take a little step back and think about the 4Rs at a whole field level first, and then we can get into a little bit more detail on just nitrogen management. But really all the conservation practice decisions that we're going to make on that field, we need to be considering how the 4Rs will be impacted by that. So if we're thinking nitrogen specifically, right? So if we're going to implement cover crops as part of our whole sustainable ag management at a field level, we may have to change how we credit for nitrogen from the cover crop, right? Whether it's just the method that we terminate that cover crop, are we leaving a lot of green above the soil? And so we've captured some of the nitrogen from the previous season that needs to be credited towards the next season, or do we include a legume crop in there? So actually fixing some nitrogen and adding nitrogen back to the soil.

Sally Flis:

If we look at no-till, it's going to change that source aspect, right? So if you're going to change your tillage, you're going to reduce to no-till all the way, or even if you're going to reduce a pass. So maybe in the past you fall applied some of your nitrogen source and fully incorporated it. Well, if you're going to change to no-till then do you eliminate that fall nitrogen application? Do you change to a different source of fall nitrogen application? And if you eliminate it, how does that change how many times a season you're going to apply in season instead of having that fall application? So it's really a systems level thing.

Sally Flis:

I know, I tend to always bring us back to the systems level piece, but if we don't think about how all the different decisions we make on that whole field impact our nutrient decisions, we may make a decision around 1R, rate, for example, which is the direction a lot of the conservation, or not necessarily conservation, but a lot of the programs that we see out there from food companies or other downstream partners just want to focus on rate. Well, how come we can't just reduce rate? Well, it's not as simple as just reducing rate to see the same outcome as you've seen in the past.

Tom Daniel:

Wow. So as you said, though, we always talk about that whole acre solution, but when we talk about the 4Rs, it is around the whole acre solution. You have to look at all the different variables, the different technologies that are available at the farm level, what the growers got as far as equipment, we've got a lot of growers using Y-DROPs today, but if you don't have Y-DROPs what is your way of doing variable rate technology and those types of different systems on the farm? So let me ask you a question, Sally, the first R in the 4Rs is right source. Especially when we're thinking about all the different type of nitrogen products, it's getting back to a nitrogen discussion, what should we consider when we're looking at what source of nitrogen we should use in 2022?

Sally Flis:

So in addition to price, which I know is still top of everybody's mind right now, because of what we're seeing in the marketplace, it's going to be what's available to you. So that's kind of your first cut, right? So if you're in an area where you can't get anhydrous, or if you're in an area where you can't get a product like ESN, then that's your first step to take, is what are the products that are available to you as a grower or a crop consultant to be able to get on the ground?

Sally Flis:

And then next step is your delivery system, right? So ESN, for example, is a prill. It's a small pellet, it's a solid fertilizer. Do you have the equipment to do that application? Or you bought a new planter, but you didn't think about a couple of things and now you've got a liquid planter instead of a solid planter. So how does that of change the type of starter or you going to not use starter anymore? So what I find really frustrating as I interact with some groups is it's always just, well, you know, what's the mechanism, what's the payment that's going to get growers to make a nitrogen management practice change? And I always have to bring them back to some of the same discussion, Tom of it's not just about reducing rate, it's do they have the product they even need available? Do they have the systems to apply a different type of product? Do they have the right climate?

Sally Flis:

We think about an ESN, slow controlled release fertilizer or something like a SUPERU urea that's got your nitrification and your Urea inhibitor on it. Well, if you don't have any rainfall all year adding a product like SUPERU or ESN, even though there could potentially be environmental benefits, isn't going to do you any good environmentally or crop production-wise at the end of the day. So we try and ask growers to do what seems simple, because it's simple to regulate or monitor, but it's not necessarily the best science in the field.

Tom Daniel:

So really just recapping what you said. First thing on source is what's available, right? And then what are the capabilities and the technologies that the grower has at his fingertips that can deliver that source or apply to the acre, right? So next question, I guess we got the next two R's and I kind of think these two go together right rate, right time. What do we need to think about and consider when we're building out our nitrogen plan, where we're looking at rate and timing, what do those two factors have in common?

Sally Flis:

So when you're thinking about rate and timing, if you're going to apply nitrogen out of season, which there's lots of management reasons to apply some of your nitrogen out of season, you may change your rate based on that you may split so that you've got some of your rate going on early in the season and some going later. On the previous episode of the podcast, we talked about that new crop insurance program, where it's ensuring if you lose yield, because you switch to a split application and don't get the full rate of nitrogen on there. You can have some benefit from that insurance program if you have a crop loss. So timing and rate are tied together, because you want to figure out how do you get the right amount out there, the right rate out there at right timings so that you still have an opportunity to get nitrogen out if you need it. But if you miss it, how big of an opportunity have you missed?

Tom Daniel:

Yeah. When you think about things like a corn crop, we know that nitrogen usage needs are more to the V6, V8, V10 and grain fill time, right? So more of a uptake by the plant at those timings. But as you said, there is risk to that technology if you can't get it put on. So your reference back to that insurance program, that's available now for growers to use variable rate technology. It is something that we need to be in front of, so right rate, right time, right source. We've had that discuss. So the last one is the right place. So what do we mean when we're talking about location or placement of fertilizer?

Sally Flis:

So this is a couple of different things it's placement relative in that soil profile and relative to the growing plant are really the two we're thinking about when we think about placement. So are we going to do a broadcast application, if we do that broadcast application, does it make sense to incorporate it or like we talked about a little earlier, is it a no-till system where we don't want to incorporate, but if we leave it on the surface and we only broadcast apply in a no-till situation, you got to higher risk of loss because it's right there vulnerable on the surface or do you want to place it with your seed? Do you want to inject it and get it below ground? Is it a foliar application or is it done through irrigation as a fertigation type application?

Sally Flis:

So again, all those things are going to impact the other 3Rs, right? Because if you're going to broadcast apply and not incorporate, you're probably going to have a different rate than if you're going to strip till that in, or if you're going to band place it with your seed and then do an in-season application. So it's all got to go together, Tom, we can't think about one of the Rs and I guess that's why we have four of them and not just one.

Dusty Weis:

You know, Sally, we're getting ready to have a discussion here with Agricen about fertilizer enhancements. So how does that fit into a discussion about the 4Rs?

Sally Flis:

So a lot of the same principles are going to apply, Dusty where we've got to think about source, rate, timing, and placement of the additional product that we're going to use in conjunction with our fertilizer. So how do all the same factors we just talked about with just nitrogen fertilizer are going to impact how biological or other type product is going to perform in the soil or in a cropping system? So I used to always say the 4Rs are where everything starts. I think that's still pretty true is we really have to think about how all of these different practices we want to implement in our whole acre solution are going to change or require us to consider an adjustment in the source, rate, timing or placement of any nutrients that we apply to the field.

Dusty Weis:

Well, can I just say here that I am so glad that we're having a discussion right now about crop planning? Because it means that the end of winter is in sight for those of us up here in the Northern states. But as we hinted coming up after the break, we're going to get really specific talking about some of these inputs. Talking to Brian Cornelious, the director of Applied Sciences at Agricen. That's coming up in a moment here on The Future. Faster.

Dusty Weis:

This is The Future. Faster, a sustainable agriculture podcast by Nutrien Ag Solutions. I'm Dusty Weis along with Tom Daniel and Sally Flis and we're joined now by Brian Cornelious, Director of Applied Sciences at Agricen. Brian, thanks for joining us.

Brian Cornelious:

Thanks a lot, Dusty I really appreciate the opportunity.

Dusty Weis:

So Brian, tell us a little more about Agricen, how it became a part of the Loveland Products portfolio and what's current role with the company?

Brian Cornelious:

Okay. So Agricen is a company that's been around for quite a while, the name Agricen dates back to about 2012. Prior to the name Agricen, we were Advanced Microbial Solutions and Advanced Microbial Solutions was a company that acquired our technology from a gentleman named Mr. Bob Pedigo. So Mr. Pedigo had a really unique way of taking different feed stocks and running those through a biological process to create a very nice clean nutrient enhancement type material. So a group of investors acquired that technology from Mr. Pedigo and tried to find a way to get that technology into more acres like your common row crop acres, the 90 million acres of corn, the 75 million acres of soybeans versus some of the smaller niche markets that Mr. Pedigo was pretty much tapped into.

Brian Cornelious:

So from there we transitioned in 2012 as well to a really more formal relationship with Nutrien, where Nutrien came in and took a minority interest in Agricen and fast forward a couple years from there 2014, Nutrien comes back and takes a minority position into Agricen because of the growth of the technology and the increased interest in the field. It's been a really good relationship being a part of the Nutrien organization.

Tom Daniel:

So Brian, once again, thank you for being with us today, but innovation is one of those words we toss around a lot within Nutrien. You know, we're driving for new technology, new innovations and new opportunities to introduce those to the grower. And especially within the Loveland Product portfolio, Agricen is a leader in a lot of the products that our retail group actually works with in sales today. So can you give me an idea, why are these products from Agricen so unique?

Brian Cornelious:

One of the really unique things about Agricen is how we actually produce our products. We use a biological extraction of different substrates. So it's that biological extraction of let's say our seaweed product where it's Kelp Meal. We biologically extract the kelp. Let's say it's our accomplished line of products, those products are derived from a biological extraction of different carbon sources. So that's what sets Agricen apart is how we actually create our products through a biological extraction versus a lot of other companies that have products out there. They either use chemical extractions or they use let's say a compost T-type of process. We have a very efficient, very clean biological extraction.

Tom Daniel:

So Brian, the uniqueness in the production obviously is a big factor within the Agricen products and how you guys have set that whole program up. But what are the particular product focuses that you're building toward in 2022 and even beyond that? What categories are y'all trying to build products for today?

Brian Cornelious:

We're really big in nutrient efficiency and I think that's a big category that has a lot of focus in the industry in general. How can we make nutrients more efficient or get the most out of the fertility programs. And as you guys are very well aware of fertilizer prices are at a level that they haven't been in a lot of years. The fertilizer prices are pretty high right now. And all of the growers that I talk to are trying to figure out, is there something I can bolt onto my fertility program to get more out of it with the budgets that we have. If I cut my fertility back, is there a way that I can still maintain a level of yield that I would like to do? So a lot of the Agricen products are very focused in nutrient efficiency, nutrient availability, and then course we've got other products that focus on stress mitigation.

Sally Flis:

Brian, you mentioned nutrient use efficiency in your previous answer there. And we focus a lot on nutrient use efficiency as part of our Sustainable Ag programs. We end up focusing a lot on nitrogen, but there are different areas where phosphorus use efficiency or other micronutrients need to have an efficient use too. What's the landscape of products that Agricen has available for addressing things beyond just nitrogen use efficiency?

Brian Cornelious:

Yes, Sally, that's a good one. We do have a product that is specifically designed to increase phosphorus availability. So our ProLogue product that's offered through Nutrien we take an approach that's a little bit different because we have a system that we can actually biologically digest rock phosphate with a phosphate solubilizing community of organisms. And those phosphate solubilizers are designed to break down insoluble phosphorus and the metabolites that come from that phosphate solubilizing system once applied to the soil, also help with increased cycling of the phosphorus that's in the soul as well. So we also have an isolate that is a known phosphorus solubilizer in that ProLogue product that can also once introduced into a soil environment, help solubilize insoluble phosphorus in that system.

Brian Cornelious:

But there's more to the ProLogue product than just the phosphate solubilizing isolate and the phosphate solubilize metabolites. It also serves as a zinc source because many of the growers who apply liquid phosphorus fertilizer, let's say it's just commodity 10340 many of those growers are adding zinc because of the phosphorous and zinc uptake ratios. So we thought it would be really beneficial to not just focus on the phosphorus piece, but also bring in that zinc uptake ratio component as well. So we can provide zinc as well as provide some increased efficiency and uptake or conversion of some of the phosphorus that's either in that starter blend or some of the phosphorus that may be unavailable in that soil system itself.

Sally Flis:

Yeah. Follow up question on that product specifically, is that something that a grower would apply just to a field to change phosphorus availability? If say they're a dairy producer and have a really high soil test phosphorus, or is it really something that's part of a fuller fertilizer blend that's going to go out on a field?

Brian Cornelious:

The ProLogue is generally designed to go in furrow with a starter blend, whether it's a 10340 or some of your ortho blends where the zinc is needed in that system. From a manure standpoint or unlocking nutrients that may be in that soil system we have another technology, an extract and when we name the product, that's what we wanted to do is give people a sense of what that product can do for you for nutrients that are already in the system or let's just say a grower has already paid for that nutrition before in a previous year's cropping system and those nutrients are still in that system, maybe bound or unavailable.

Brian Cornelious:

That's where our extract product comes in and we can do a broadcast application of extract across a manured field, or we can do it with a weed and feed. There are some side-dress opportunities, whether it's a Y-DROP application. That's where our extract product fits. It's designed to help free up bound nutrition that may be in that soil profile that's not available to the crop. So again, extract would be more of a broadcast product application that would help with nutrient availability, nutrient cycling, and increased nutrient uptake.

Tom Daniel:

So Brian, I'm going to ask you about another product. It's part of the Nutrien Ag Solutions family of products, but there's one particular product and we talk about nutrient efficiency, especially on the phosphorus side that I'm familiar with and watched it as it was applied to some of our research farm down in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, we call it the Bruce farm down there. And I know you mentioned to me the other day that it was interesting some of the data you saw come off some of the plots down there that actually supported the opportunity to reduce phosphorous levels when you're using some of these optimization products. Can you tell us about the product and tell us about some of the research you've seen on that?

Brian Cornelious:

Yeah. Tom, the product you're talking about is Titan XC and Titan XC is a class of the bio-catalyst technology from Agricen, but the application of Titan XC is designed to be put on dry fertilizer. So whether it's a 92330 blend that you're very familiar with in that part of the country, which was the same blend that was used at that research farm. What Titan does it is designed to go on dry fertilizer and help with the accelerated breakdown and increase availability of those dry blends. Because what we see often is dry fertilizer sometime is not that efficient. We use a lot of it because in most years it's fairly reasonably priced, but there's a lot of things that can be done to help increase the availability or accelerate the breakdown of it. So that's what Titan XC is designed to do is break down dry fertilizer to make that fertilizer more available to that crop faster.

Brian Cornelious:

The data that you mentioned was done, I think in 2019 and another follow up in 2020, where they were looking at their standard fertility practice with dry fertilizer in that area, which was 300 pound spread rate of 92330. And they were trying to see, is there an opportunity to add technology to this to get more efficiency out of it? So the way they designed the trial is they said, okay, let's do a 10% reduction. We're going to have our standard 300 pound rate, that's our 100% rate, and then we're going to cut it back 10%. We're going to pull 30 pounds out and look at 270 pounds of that blend. And then we're going to put Titan on both. We're going to put Titan on the reduced blend at 270 pounds, and we're going to put Titan on the full blend.

Brian Cornelious:

So what we found, which I thought was pretty interesting is that the untreated fertilizer at 270 pounds versus 300 pounds, didn't give any yield difference. There was no difference by having an additional 30 pounds or by cutting 10% out. But when we looked at adding Titan to that, when we put Titan on the 270 pounds, we got about a six bushel increase on the 270 pounds. And then when we put Titan on the 300 pounds, we got another five or six bushel increase where we put it on the 300 pounds. But again, there was no difference when we didn't have the Titan on the fertilizer, no difference in 270 or 300 pounds. So that means that yes, if we're in a situation where we need to pull back because of budgets or some other factor, we know that adding Titan to the dry fertilizer can increase our efficiency and give us either the same result or it can give us a higher yield.

Tom Daniel:

Yeah. And I'd say Brian, that if we've got growers that are actually doing planting close to watersheds or blue streams, that they're trying to make sure their phosphorus doesn't move offsite, if they can reduce that rate slightly and still get the same efficiency or the same productivity out of it, that's a great piece, right? So to me, that's some really good opportunities on that part.

Brian Cornelious:

Yeah. That's an interesting point. Every state now has a nutrient reduction strategy, especially those that are around sensitive bodies of water, whether it's the Lake Erie watershed or the Chesapeake Bay or Lake Michigan, everyone's concerned about phosphorus movement or phosphorous runoff. Really phosphorus is more detrimental when there's movement of soil. It generally in a normal system, it doesn't really move much in the profile. We did some research with Arise Research several years ago, and we've done some other research over the years. That show when we have [inaudible 00:24:06] under some of these plots that capture the runoff through these plots, where we've got that bio-catalyst technology, we're actually making the nutrients available and pulling those up through the crop versus those nutrients leeching through the profile. So how do you mitigate the continual buildup of phosphorus levels when you've got manure situations? The one way is to try to pull some of those nutrients off of that field through the plant and making those nutrients plant available is how we do it with the Agricen technology.

Sally Flis:

That's great information on those projects you guys have been working on, Brian. We always talk about everything from a whole acre solution standpoint, and you've kind of touched on that as how these products fit in with the different other practices we have going on on the field. So in the opening segment today, we talked about the aspects of 4R Nutrient Stewardship considering that right source, rate, timing and placement. And it sounds like those same ideas apply here that as we're considering which of these products to use to help us enhance nutrient use efficiency, we need to think about source, rate, timing and placement as well, in addition to those other conservation practices. So how does some of these products fit with a practice like cover crops or reduced till or no-till as we're trying to build these whole acre conservation solutions?

Brian Cornelious:

Good question. And one of the things we do at Agricen is we try to be tuned in to the grower environment. We like to say that if we're coming out with a solution, we like for it to be a solution that a grower is actually going to implement. And one of the things that helps there is if you can bolt on a technology to something the grower is already doing versus creating a technology that might be really interesting, but it's going to completely change how a grower has to try his cultural practice and things like that. So we want it to be easy for the grower to use.

Brian Cornelious:

We also wanted to fit something the growers already doing. So from an Agricen standpoint, when you look at a grower's fertility program, we think we have technologies that can be bolted onto what the grower is already doing. Again, from the extract standpoint, if a grower is going out with a broadcast application of a burn down herbicide, let's say there was a cover crop that was destroyed and now he's doing a chemistry application. He can put extract out there and get the bio-catalyst technology into that system. His dry fertilizer, that's going to be a Titan XC application and he doesn't have to do anything extra to get that application to work for him other than say, yes, I want to put Titan XC on my dry fertilizer.

Brian Cornelious:

From an accomplished standpoint and we're transitioning from the traditional Accomplish LM to Accomplish MAX. It's our new technology offering for that in-furrow application. If he's using an in-furrow or 2x2 application of liquid fertilizer, all he's got to do is bolt that technology into that and it's all designed to help him either recapture nutrients that were previously applied that are bound or increase the efficiency of the nutrients that he's already applying in that system, or nearly applying in that system with some of those other applications. So it just basically boils down to having technologies that fit what a grower is already doing. We don't have to make a change in that grower's cultural practices.

Tom Daniel:

So I'm going to ask you about one last product, and this is the one that kind of excites me when I hear about it, even though I am about nutrient efficiency products, for sure. But this particular product is one that combats stress within a growing crop. And it's got a unique name. So tell me about this product Maritime. What is it and what makes it unique to other products?

Brian Cornelious:

Okay, so Maritime, it ties back to the sea because the feed stock with Maritime is Kelp Meal, more specifically Ascophyllum nodosum, which is a certain species of kelp that most of the products on the marketplace in the seaweed arena are using the exact same source or exact same species. The difference in Maritime and other seaweed products on the market is we use a biological extraction of the seaweed versus a chemical extraction which a lot of those products are extracted with potassium hydroxide. There are some physical extractions with the cold presses, but what we do with our process to create Maritime is a complete digestion of the Kelp Meal. So everything that is in that Kelp Meal comes out in that extraction or what we call our bio-conversion.

Brian Cornelious:

And here's what's really interesting about it. Just think about where seaweed grows in a cold, dark salty ocean. So that plant has the ability to grow in a salty environment. How do we transfer that ability to other crops? It can grow in cold environments. How do we get that ability out of that to grow or to help our other crops grow in cold environments? It boils down to managing abiotic stress or stresses that are created by natural factors, not living things like disease organisms or things like that. So we feel like the way that we do the extraction of the kelp allows us to pull all of those characteristics out in a very clean formulation that we can apply as a foliar spray, or we can put it through a starter application with the Accomplish MAX. That is the additional functionality that we've put into Accomplish MAX is adding that seaweed component. So it does a very good job of allowing plants to manage stress because of the nature of where that plant grows.

Dusty Weis:

Well, Brian maximizing fertility is definitely a hot topic right now and as Tom Daniel is fond of saying, we like to meet the grower where he is, and you've definitely helped us do that today. You've set the table with a whole suite of options for our growers. So this has been a really helpful chat. Brian Cornelious, Director of Applied Sciences for Agricen. Thank you so much for joining us on this episode of The Future. Faster.

Dusty Weis:

That is going to conclude this edition of The Future. Faster, the pursuit of sustainable success with Nutrien Ag Solutions. New episodes arrive every other week so make sure follow us in your favorite app and join us again soon. Visit futurefaster.com to learn more. The Future. Faster podcast is brought to you by Nutrien Ag Solutions with executive producer Connor Erwin and editing by Larry Kilgore III. And it's produced by Podcamp Media, a branded podcast production for businesses, podcampmedia.com. For Nutrien Ag Solutions thanks for listening, I'm Dusty Weis.

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